Detention and deportation of foreigners in Indonesia: what the law says

This page is for a foreigner who has been stopped, questioned, held or told to leave by immigration officers or the police in Indonesia, and for the family, friends or sponsor who must act for that person. It says what the texts allow and require. It does not say what a given officer will do, and it names no case, person or company. It is general information, not legal advice: if someone is held, an Indonesian advocate and the embassy come first (sections The first questions to ask, A suspect's rights in UU 20/2025 and What the family can do).

We used the texts in force on 6 October 2026: UU 6/2011 on immigration as amended by UU 6/2023 and UU 63/2024; PP 31/2013 as last amended by PP 40/2023; PP 51/2020, PP 48/2021 and PP 40/2023 did not change Pasal 206 to 225 and 236, the articles used here on supervision, detention and entry bans; Permenimipas 2/2025 on immigration supervision and administrative action, in force since 7 March 2025, which revoked Permenkumham 4/2017 and 50/2016; UU 20/2025, the new code of criminal procedure (KUHAP), in force since 2 January 2026, which revoked UU 8/1981; the Criminal Code (UU 1/2023) as changed by UU 1/2026 on the adjustment of penalties; the narcotics law, UU 35/2009; UU 1/1982, by which Indonesia approved the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, and the text of that Convention; and pages of the Directorate General of Immigration and of the immigration detention house in Denpasar.

What other pages already say is linked, not repeated: the overstay charge, the entry ban and the immigration crimes near overstay are on the page on extending or changing a visa; the cancellation of a permit is on the page on KITAS and KITAP; conduct at temples is on the page on Bali's own rules; how to check an advocate is on the page on how to check a professional. Criminal penalties follow UU 1/2026, as on those pages: it restated the fine categories of UU 1/2023 Pasal 79(1) (category II Rp10,000,000, III Rp50,000,000, IV Rp200,000,000, V Rp500,000,000, VI Rp2,000,000,000) and removed detention (kurungan) where it was threatened together with a fine.

Where two texts conflict we say so and do not choose between them, and the last section lists what we could not confirm. Lines marked as our suggestion are not law. What the Directorate General reports about practice is dated and shown as indicative, not as a rule.

The administrative track. UU 6/2011 defines an administrative action of immigration (Tindakan Administratif Keimigrasian) as an administrative sanction set by an immigration officer against a foreigner outside the court process (Pasal 1 angka 31). It is not a sentence. The Directorate General's own page says that the action is not criminal and that an immigration detention house (Rudenim) is not a prison (news item of 23 May 2022, adapted from an article by an immigration analyst). An officer may use it against a foreigner in Indonesia who does something dangerous and suspected of endangering security and public order, or who does not respect or obey the laws (Pasal 75(1)).

The criminal track. The crimes of the immigration Act (Pasal 113 to 135) are investigated by immigration civil servant investigators (PPNS Keimigrasian) under the code of criminal procedure (Pasal 104 and 105). They coordinate with the police and hand the file to the prosecutor (Pasal 107). Other crimes, such as drugs, theft or violence, are handled by the police and the prosecutor. The Directorate General said in 2023 that once a matter has become a crime the foreigner is processed by the competent agency, and that immigration acts within the limits of the immigration law.

Which track. The regulation lets the immigration official, after a case conference, choose the administrative action instead of an immigration investigation for three kinds of reason: there are not two sufficient pieces of evidence; the foreigner appears to want to stay in Indonesia and might misuse appeals if the court route were taken, or is a fugitive from a serious case abroad; or political, economic, social, cultural and security reasons make it more effective (Permenimipas 2/2025 Pasal 59(1) and (2)). So the same conduct can end on either track, and the texts present them as alternatives. We found no text that says whether a person can face both for the same conduct, or what happens at the end of a prison sentence (see the last section).

A press release of the Directorate General of 28 August 2026 reports on the joint operation 'Dharma Dewata' in Bali, a task force of immigration that works with the foreigner supervision team (Tim Pora) and the law enforcement agencies; for the first period it names support from the army, the police, the public order police and the customary guards (pecalang). For its second period, 15 July to 16 August 2026, it says 66 foreigners were taken in. By kind of breach, 22 cases were disturbing public order or not reporting, 20 were misuse of the stay permit, 17 overstay, 2 an invalid travel document, and 2 breaches of Pasal 123 of the Act and other provisions. Of the 66, it says 21 were placed in an immigration detention house, 13 were deported, 41 were still being examined, 1 settled the fine on his or her own and 3 were settled on administrative grounds because of death.

Read these figures as indicative. The release gives the first period as 17 to 30 July and the second as 15 July to 16 August, so the dates overlap; the breach figures add up to 63 and the follow-up figures to 79, not to 66. We use it only to show which kinds of breach the Directorate General itself names, not to say how a given case will go.

Temples and ceremonies. The Governor's circular on the conduct of foreign tourists, and its limits, are on the page on Bali's own rules, section Visiting temples and ceremonies. The circular names no immigration action itself. The immigration texts that speak of decency, religion and custom are the entry-ban reasons of PP 31/2013 Pasal 236(2) huruf c and the conduct list of Permenimipas 2/2025 Pasal 60(4) above; we found no text that lists conduct at a temple as a ground by name. Whether a given act leads to an action is for the immigration officials under those texts.

The check. Immigration officers supervise where foreigners are, what they do and whether their travel document or permit is complete (Permenimipas 2/2025 Pasal 25). In an open field check the officers may inspect places, order a foreigner to stop, ask to see the passport, visa or permit, keep the passport for a time for further checking, and take the foreigner along to be questioned. They may order the person in charge of a place to open a closed door and, with the approval of the neighbourhood head and two witnesses, open it by force, and handcuff a foreigner they fear will run away while being taken for questioning (Pasal 28(1)). They need a written order, except when they directly find a foreigner who is on the exit-ban or entry-ban list or the wanted list, or who is doing something suspected to be unlawful; the order then follows the same day or within one day (Pasal 30(1) to (5)). Closed supervision, without showing who the officers are, also exists (Pasal 31). The Tim Pora carries out joint operations at least twice a year, and on reports from the public or its members (Pasal 54 to 56).

The examination. To impose an action, an officer may summon a person to give a statement for a record, ask a foreigner to hand over the passport or permit for a time, secure and examine a foreigner suspected of a breach, and handcuff a foreigner who is to be given an action if there is a risk of escape or danger to officers (Pasal 61(1)). The foreigner who hands over a travel document gets a receipt (Pasal 61(2)). A foreigner who does not understand Indonesian may be accompanied by an interpreter, who signs the documents, and may be accompanied by a lawyer, who gives the officer a power of attorney (Pasal 66, 67).

The decision. The officer who examined writes a record of the examination. The superior writes an opinion within 2 working days, and the authorised official approves the action within 3 working days of receiving it. If approved, the decision is made and delivered to the foreigner within 7 working days of its date. If not approved, the official can order a deeper examination or stop the process (Pasal 63). The decision must be in writing and give its reasons (UU 6/2011 Pasal 76). A stamp goes into the passport for a restriction, a change of permit or deportation (Permenimipas 2/2025 Pasal 65(1)).

Our suggestion, not a rule: ask for the receipt for your passport before you leave the office, read every record in a language you understand before you sign, and keep a copy of every paper you are given. The texts we read do not say how long a foreigner may be held for questioning between being taken along and a written decision on detention.

Two places. An immigration detention room (Ruang Detensi Imigrasi) is a room within a Directorate General, immigration office or checkpoint. An immigration detention house (Rumah Detensi Imigrasi, Rudenim) is a separate unit of immigration, a temporary shelter for foreigners given an administrative action (UU 6/2011 Pasal 1 angka 33 and 34, Pasal 82; PP 31/2013 Pasal 207). In Bali the Rudenim in Denpasar has its own official site. The Directorate General says a Rudenim does not work like a prison and that its detainees (deteni) are held there on a decision of an immigration officer to wait for deportation.

Who may be placed there. An immigration officer may place a foreigner in a detention house or room who: is in Indonesia without a valid permit or with one that no longer applies; is in Indonesia without a valid travel document; has had the stay permit cancelled for an act against the law or against security and public order; is waiting for deportation; or is waiting to leave Indonesia because entry was refused (UU 6/2011 Pasal 83(1)). The regulation repeats the first four for the house and adds the transfer from a room (PP 31/2013 Pasal 208, 209).

The decision. Detention is by a written decision of the Minister or a designated officer, which states at least the data of the foreigner, the reason and the place (Pasal 84; PP 31/2013 Pasal 212(1) and (3)). The decision must be given to the foreigner, and a copy goes to the sponsor, the family and/or the representative of the foreigner's country (PP 31/2013 Pasal 212(2) and (4)). Placement and release are recorded in minutes (Pasal 219).

When detention is not used. The regulation says a foreigner can be considered for no detention when the foreigner will not repeat the breach and/or is ill and needs care shown by a doctor's letter, shown by a sponsor who guarantees the foreigner will not run away, and the foreigner has a valid travel document and a valid stay permit. The passport is then kept for a time (Permenimipas 2/2025 Pasal 70(2), (3) and (5)). A foreigner who is ill, about to give birth or a child may be placed elsewhere, such as a hospital or lodging that officers can easily supervise, with the approval of the Director General (UU 6/2011 Pasal 83(2) and its explanation; PP 31/2013 Pasal 213).

Visits. The Rudenim in Denpasar takes a visit request on its site: the visitor's phone and email, an identity card, driving licence, passport or visa, the full name and nationality of the detainee, and a document showing the visitor's link with the detainee (page read on 6 October 2026). We found no official text on visiting hours or house rules. A detainee who deliberately escapes from a detention house or room commits a crime (Pasal 134 huruf b, table of crimes below).

Deportation is the forced removal of a foreigner from Indonesia (UU 6/2011 Pasal 1 angka 36). Officers watch the foreigner's departure, the number of officers may be adjusted to the risk, and they may handcuff a foreigner who is thought likely to run away during it (Permenimipas 2/2025 Pasal 72). The decision is stamped in the passport (Pasal 65(1)).

The entry ban comes with it. The regulation says deportation is imposed together with an entry ban, except where the foreigner benefits the welfare of the community, the breach can be corrected quickly and easily, or there are humanitarian reasons such as a parent, spouse or child who is an Indonesian citizen (Pasal 71). The Act says a foreigner who has stayed more than 60 days past the permit faces deportation and an entry ban (Pasal 78(3)) and has no such exceptions. We state both texts and do not choose: if one of the exceptions fits your family, say so in writing when you are examined.

How long the ban lasts, and the fee to lift one for overstay, are on the page on extending or changing a visa, section Overstay: what the law says. An officer must refuse entry to a foreigner on the list (UU 6/2011 Pasal 101). On lifting a ban, the Directorate General said in April 2023 that a foreigner or the sponsor sends a written request to lift it to the Directorate of Supervision and Enforcement. That item predates UU 63/2024 and PP 45/2024 (it names PP 28/2019 and says an overstay ban is usually 6 months), so we read it only as pointing to where a request goes. The regulation says only that if an objection succeeds the Director General removes the name from the list, and that the deportation stamp is cancelled at the next arrival (Permenimipas 2/2025 Pasal 75 huruf a and g).

Who pays. The sponsor must pay the cost of sending home or removing a foreigner whose permit has ended or who is deported (UU 6/2011 Pasal 63(3), as amended by UU 6/2023). The Directorate General's item of 2023 says that without a sponsor the foreigner pays, then the family, then the representative of the foreigner's country. We found that chain in the news item, not in a text.

The Act lets a foreigner who is given an administrative action object to the Minister. The Minister may grant or refuse the objection by a decision, and that decision is final (UU 6/2011 Pasal 77(1) to (3)). The regulation sets the steps. The objection is written in Indonesian, goes to the Director General, and is filed within 21 working days of receiving the decision. It states who you are and why you object, and gives rebutting evidence: documents, an expert's statement, a witness's statement or the admission of the parties. The foreigner or an attorney with a power of attorney signs it, and the Director General issues a receipt. The Director General sends it to the Minister with advice within 5 working days, and the Minister decides within 5 working days of receiving the advice (Permenimipas 2/2025 Pasal 73).

The objection does not stop the action. The Act says so, and the regulation says the action stays in force until a decision cancelling it is issued (Pasal 77(4); Permenimipas Pasal 74). So a foreigner can be deported before the answer.

If the objection is accepted, the Minister issues a decision and the effect depends on the action. A name is removed from the exit-ban or entry-ban list; a restriction or change of permit is cancelled, and the stamp is cancelled; a cancelled permit becomes valid again; a ban on a place, an order to live at a place and the charge are cancelled; for deportation the stamp in the passport is cancelled at the next arrival (Pasal 75).

What the texts do not say. The Act calls the Minister's decision final, and we found no text on whether it can be taken to the administrative court, or whether an objection can be filed or pursued from abroad after deportation. For a criminal case the way to challenge an arrest or a detention is different (section When it is a criminal case).

The code in force. UU 20/2025, the new code of criminal procedure, applies from 2 January 2026 and revoked UU 8/1981 (Pasal 362). A case already in investigation or prosecution on that date continues under UU 8/1981; a crime committed earlier whose investigation had not started is investigated under UU 20/2025 (Pasal 361). The page on disputes uses the same code for reporting a crime.

Suspect. An investigator names a suspect on at least two pieces of evidence. The paper that names the suspect states the identity, a short description of the case and the suspect's rights, and is given to the suspect within 1 day; for a foreign suspect it is also notified to the representative of the suspect's country (Pasal 90(1) to (3) and (5)). Before an examination begins, the investigator must tell the suspect of the right to legal aid or to an advocate, the examination is recorded by camera, and an advocate or legal aid provider is present throughout and may object to intimidation or to questions that trap the suspect, the objection being entered in the record (Pasal 30 to 32).

Arrest. An arrest needs at least two pieces of evidence. The investigator shows a letter of assignment and gives an arrest order stating the identity, the reason, a short description of the crime and the place of examination. A copy of the order goes to the suspect's family, a person the suspect names or the neighbourhood head within 1 day. A person caught in the act can be arrested without an order. An arrest lasts at most 24 hours unless the law says otherwise. A crime threatened only with a fine up to category II does not allow arrest, unless the suspect ignores two summonses (Pasal 94 to 97).

Detention. Detention needs a written order, or a judge's decision, for a crime threatened with 5 years or more of prison or one of the listed articles of the Criminal Code, and at least two pieces of evidence plus one of the listed grounds, such as ignoring two summonses, giving information not in line with the facts, obstructing the examination, trying to escape, destroying evidence, repeating the crime or influencing witnesses. The order states the identity, the reason, a short description and the place, and a copy goes to the family or a person the suspect names within 1 day (Pasal 100). In the investigation stage detention lasts up to 20 days, then up to 40 days more on the prosecutor's request, and then the suspect must be released (Pasal 102); later stages have their own periods and a longer extension is possible in listed cases (Pasal 103 to 107). Time in detention may not exceed the maximum penalty and counts off the sentence (Pasal 109(2), 108(7)). Detention can be in a state detention house, at home or in the city (Pasal 108(1)).

Two texts that conflict. UU 6/2011 Pasal 106 huruf e gives immigration investigators the power to summon, search, arrest or detain a person suspected of an immigration crime. UU 20/2025 says an investigator who is a civil servant (PPNS) cannot arrest or detain except on the order of a police investigator, with exceptions only for the prosecutor's office, the Corruption Eradication Commission and the Navy (Pasal 93(3) and (4), 99(3) and (4)), and says that laws on the powers of PPNS stay in force only as far as they do not contradict it (Pasal 363). We state both and do not choose. Ask which authority signed the order.

Leaving Indonesia. An investigator, prosecutor or judge may ban a suspect or defendant from leaving Indonesia for up to 6 months, extendable once by 6 months, through immigration (UU 20/2025 Pasal 141). The Act sets the same periods for an exit ban (UU 6/2011 Pasal 97, as amended by UU 63/2024) and lets officers refuse a foreigner's exit who still has an obligation in Indonesia that the law requires to be settled (UU 6/2011 Pasal 16(2)).

Pre-trial. The district court examines whether an arrest or a detention was lawful. The suspect, the family or the advocate applies; the judge sets a hearing within 3 days and gives the decision within 7 days from the reading of the application. The application can be made once for the same matter, and not by a suspect who has fled (Pasal 158, 160, 163).

Indonesia approved the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963 by UU 1/1982 (Pasal 1). Article 36 says that consular officers are free to communicate with nationals of their state and to have access to them, and nationals have the same freedom. If the person asks, the authorities must inform the consular post of the person's state without delay when the person is arrested, committed to prison or custody pending trial, or detained in any other manner, and must forward any communication the person addresses to the consular post without delay. The authorities must inform the person of these rights without delay. Consular officers have the right to visit a national who is in prison, custody or detention, to talk and write with the national and to arrange legal representation, but they must not act for a national who expressly objects. The rights are exercised under the laws of the receiving state, which must allow their purposes to be fulfilled (Article 36(1) and (2)).

How Indonesian texts carry this. In a criminal case the paper naming a foreign suspect is notified to the representative of the suspect's country, and the suspect may contact, talk with and receive visits from that representative and may name a country's representative to be contacted (UU 20/2025 Pasal 90(5), 142 huruf h and i). In immigration detention a copy of the written decision, and of the decision to release, goes to the sponsor, the family and/or the representative of the foreigner's country (PP 31/2013 Pasal 212(4), 215(4)). Under the Convention the notification depends on the person's request, so ask for it and keep a note of when you asked.

What the embassy does is its own matter. The Convention lets a consular officer visit, communicate and arrange legal representation. What help an embassy gives, whether it pays for a lawyer or for a ticket, is the policy of that state; we read no embassy's policy. We found no Indonesian official page that explains how the notification is carried out in practice.

Narcotics may be used only for health services and for science and technology; Group I narcotics may not be used for health services (UU 35/2009 Pasal 7, 8(1)). Having, keeping, holding, supplying, producing, importing, exporting, distributing, carrying, sending, transporting, transiting, offering for sale, selling, buying, receiving, brokering, exchanging or handing over narcotics without a right is a crime. Which substance is in which group is set by a regulation of the Minister of Health (Pasal 6(3)), which we did not read.

The texts changed on 2 January 2026. UU 1/2023, the Criminal Code, took some of these crimes into the Code (Pasal 609, 610), and UU 1/2026 reworded those two articles and changed Pasal 622 so that only six articles of UU 35/2009 are now revoked (Pasal 112, 113, 117, 118, 122 and 123). Its Lampiran II gives new penalties for the other articles that stay. UU 1/2026 also removed the special minimum penalties of laws outside the Code, other than for human rights crimes, terrorism, corruption and money laundering (Pasal I(1) and (2)). The status record of UU 35/2009 on peraturan.bpk.go.id still says Pasal 111 to 126 were revoked by UU 1/2023, which UU 1/2026 changed; we follow the later text.

The table gives the maximum of the texts as they now read, for each Group I, II and III where they differ. The amended texts state a maximum, with imprisonment and/or a fine, and no minimum. They include life imprisonment and, for production, import, export and distribution above a given weight, and for some other conduct in UU 35/2009, the death penalty. Whether conduct falls under a given article, and which of two overlapping articles a prosecutor uses, is for the prosecutor and the court.

A person who uses a narcotic for himself or herself is under Pasal 127 of UU 35/2009: prison up to 4 years for Group I, 2 years for Group II and 1 year for Group III, and the judge must take Pasal 54, 55 and 103 into account. A person who can be shown to be a victim of abuse must undergo medical and social rehabilitation (Pasal 127(3)); addicts and victims of abuse must undergo it (Pasal 54), and a judge may order rehabilitation, which then counts as time served (Pasal 103). Whether a person is an addict or a victim is for the court on the evidence.

In the process. The penalties for having, supplying, selling, carrying, producing or distributing reach the 5-year threshold for detention (UU 20/2025 Pasal 100(1)); the penalty for using a narcotic for oneself (UU 35/2009 Pasal 127: 4, 2 and 1 years) does not, and Pasal 127 is not among the articles listed in Pasal 100(2). Where the crime is threatened with death, life prison or 15 years or more, the officials must appoint an advocate for the suspect (Pasal 155(1)). The head of the National Narcotics Agency may ask immigration for an exit ban (UU 6/2011 Pasal 91(2) huruf e), and the Agency sits in the foreigner supervision teams (Permenimipas 2/2025 Pasal 49 to 51). The rights in the table above apply to a foreigner suspected of a narcotics crime like any other suspect.

Tell the embassy or consulate of the foreigner's country at once. Consular officers may visit a national in detention, talk and write with the national and arrange legal representation, unless the national objects (Convention Article 36). In an immigration detention the family also receives a copy of the written decision (PP 31/2013 Pasal 212(4)).

Find out the facts: which authority holds the person, which decision, and where. In immigration detention ask for the copy of the decision. In a criminal case the family or a person the suspect names receives a copy of the arrest order and of the detention order within 1 day (UU 20/2025 Pasal 95(3), 100(4)).

Get an advocate. In an immigration examination a foreigner may be accompanied by a lawyer who gives the officer a power of attorney (Permenimipas 2/2025 Pasal 67). In a criminal case an advocate shows the investigator, prosecutor or judge a power of attorney that states clearly what legal acts it covers, and the oath record of appointment or a membership card of a legal aid organisation (UU 20/2025 Pasal 151(2)); the suspect's family or advocate can also apply to the court on whether an arrest or detention was lawful (Pasal 160). How to check an advocate is on the page on how to check a professional, section Advocate (lawyer). For a suspect who cannot pay, officials must tell the person of legal aid and appoint an advocate or a legal aid provider (Pasal 154, 155).

Visit. The Rudenim in Denpasar takes a visit request on its site, with identity documents and a document showing the link to the detainee. A suspect has the right to receive family and relatives (UU 20/2025 Pasal 142 huruf l); we did not read the visiting rules of a police cell or a state detention house.

Costs and money. The sponsor must pay the cost of sending home or removing a foreigner who is deported or whose permit has ended (UU 6/2011 Pasal 63(3)), so tell the sponsor, an individual or a company, at once. The texts name no way to settle an immigration action by paying an officer; the overstay charge and fees are paid through the official channels described on the page on extending or changing a visa.

Immigration: under which article and by whose decision am I held? May I have the written decision with its reasons today, and a copy for my sponsor, my family and my embassy?

Immigration: I handed over my passport. May I have the receipt, and when and where will it be returned?

Immigration: I do not understand Indonesian. May I have an interpreter, and may my lawyer attend the examination with a power of attorney?

Immigration: do you consider me for no detention, because I am ill with a doctor's letter, I have a valid passport and permit, and I have a sponsor who answers for me?

Immigration: is an entry ban included in the decision, and do any of the exceptions apply to me because I have a spouse, child or parent who is an Indonesian citizen?

Immigration: how and by when do I file the objection, to which office, and who gives me the receipt?

Police or prosecutor: is this under UU 20/2025 or UU 8/1981, and which crime and which article am I suspected of? May I have the arrest order or the detention order, and may my family receive the copy?

Police or prosecutor: who signed the order, a police investigator or an immigration investigator? May I speak to an advocate and to my embassy before I answer?

Which text prevails on the power of immigration investigators to arrest and detain: UU 6/2011 Pasal 106 huruf e gives it, UU 20/2025 Pasal 93(3), 99(3) and 363 limit it. We found no ruling or regulation that settles it.

Whether the exceptions of Permenimipas 2/2025 Pasal 71 to the entry ban can set aside UU 6/2011 Pasal 78(3), which names deportation and an entry ban for a stay of more than 60 days without exceptions.

How long a foreigner may be held between being taken along for questioning and the written decision on detention. The texts set 7 working days for delivering a decision and 30 days for the detention room, not the time in between.

The house rules and the rights of a detainee inside a detention house. Rules at Director General level exist, but we found no official copy of a current one: a 2006 regulation is hosted by a private site, and later numbers appear only in posts on social media. We state only PP 31/2013 and the visit form of the Denpasar house.

Whether an administrative action can be taken to the administrative court after the Minister's decision, which the Act calls final, and whether an objection can be pursued from abroad.

How to apply to lift an entry ban, beyond the Directorate General's news item of 13 April 2023, which predates UU 63/2024 and PP 45/2024 and cites PP 28/2019.

Whether the same conduct can lead to both an administrative action and a prosecution, and what happens to a foreigner at the end of a prison sentence: UU 6/2011 Pasal 75 allows an action, and we found no text that makes deportation follow automatically.

Which code applies to a crime committed or a case begun before 2 January 2026 (UU 20/2025 Pasal 361 sets the rule by stage; the facts of a given case decide it).

The status of UU 35/2009: the record of peraturan.bpk.go.id still says Pasal 111 to 126 were revoked by UU 1/2023; UU 1/2026 changed Pasal 622. We found no consolidated text of UU 35/2009, and no text on how a prosecutor chooses between Pasal 609 and 610 of the Criminal Code and the articles of UU 35/2009 that stay.

The list of controlled narcotics (a regulation of the Minister of Health, UU 35/2009 Pasal 6(3)); we did not read it. The rules for bringing prescription medicine into Indonesia are on the page on healthcare in Bali, in its section "Bringing your own medicines into Indonesia".

How consular notification works in practice: Article 36 depends on the person's request, we found no Indonesian official page on the procedure, and we did not check the United Nations record for any declaration or reservation by Indonesia.

The Directorate General's figures for Operation Dharma Dewata: the periods overlap and the totals do not add up (see the section on practice). We use them only as indicative.

Whether Pasal 613(3) of the Criminal Code, which UU 1/2026 added (where an administrative law carries criminal sanctions, guidance and administrative sanctions are to be applied before the criminal ones), applies to the immigration Act and its administrative actions. We found no text or ruling that applies it.

Who pays for a deportation beyond the sponsor: the chain of the foreigner, the family and the representative is in a news item of 2023, not in a text.